Cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder walls. In practical urological terminology, the word "cystitis" is usually used to denote a symptomatic urinary infection, with manifestations of inflammation of the bladder mucosa, reduced functionality and changes in the urine sediment.

Signs of cystitis appear strongly:

• frequent urination (every 15-20 minutes);
• sharp pain during urination in small doses.
• an admixture of blood in the urine (sometimes).
• hypothermic fever.

If not treated immediately, cystitis can become chronic or the infection will travel to the kidneys (kidney disease) or urethra (urethral disease).

According to statistical expertise, women aged 14 to 60 had cystitis at least once in their lifetime, especially sexually active women aged 20-50 who had diabetes mellitus and a history of reduced immune system functions.

Modern children, as can be seen from practice, quite often suffer from cystitis, even babies and babies. It is unfortunate that many parents cannot predict the development of this disease in a child.

Cystitis, based on the nature of the process, occurs:

• acute: manifests suddenly, accompanied by local (frequent and painful urination) and general symptoms (fever, general weakness).
• chronic: it is found in laboratory tests, the symptoms are subdued or absent, but during an exacerbation it takes the form of acute.

Based on the causative factor, cystitis also occurs:

• non-specific: in the context of conditionally pathogenic microflora (enterobacteria, candida, staphylococci, protozoa, klebsiella).
• specifically: due to sexually transmitted diseases (chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, syphilis) or tuberculosis of the kidneys.

Causes of cystitis

Most episodes of the disease showed that the main cause of cystitis is infection by representatives of the conditionally pathogenic environment of the human body - staphylococci, streptococci, Escherichia coli, as well as infection with ureaplasma and mycoplasma genitalia infections.

Today it is known that cystitis, the causes of which are quite clear, cannot be caused by only one factor.

The complex of factors that lead to the appearance of cystitis:

1. Weak sex: the close proximity of the urethral opening to the vagina contributes to easy infection during intercourse with both female and male flora.
2. Non-observance of personal hygiene rules such as daily washing of the external genitalia, frequent change of napkins and underwear during menstruation, washing of the genitals after sexual intercourse, keeping clean underwear, use of daily napkins.
3. Chronic dysbacteriosis or vaginal candidiasis: the disturbed intestinal and/or vaginal microflora contributes to the development of the conditionally pathogenic microflora population from time to time, and then the microflora unusual for the genital and urinary systems causes an inflammatory process, damaging the whole body.
4. Dysfunctions of the immune system: a decrease in immune defense or allergic local pathologies significantly reduce the body's resistance to diseases, which gives white white radiation to pathogenic bacteria to easily enter the bladder cavity.
5. Infrequent urination: a woman's bladder can accumulate 250-500 ml of urine inside it, and regular untimely voiding leads to structural changes in the bladder, the sphincter and the creation of greenhouse conditions for infection and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms.
6. The reduction of protective forces leads to the fact that the infection freely penetrates upwards into the cavity of the cyst and stimulates an inflammatory process in it.
7. The presence of Escherichia coli E. coli (in 70-95% of patients).
8. The presence of golden staphylococcus (Staphylococcus saprophyticus) in 5-20% of patients.
9. Presence of Klebsiella spp and Proteusmirabilis (Proteus) in other patients.
10. Bladder catheterization in men and women: sometimes leads to urethral infection. This procedure is particularly dangerous for pregnant women and women in labor, especially in the postoperative period, when the tone of the urinary system is reduced and Gram-negative bacteria have shown activity.
11. The content in the body of various fungi (Candida and others), chlamydia, trichomonads, mycoplasmas and viruses.

Cystitis in acute form, a woman can get sick several times, and the disease often becomes chronic.

In men, cystitis develops rarely, as a rule, after inflammation of the urethra, prostate, epididymis and seminal vesicles. The possibility of cystitis is increased during bladder catheterization in men suffering from prostate adenoma, one of the symptoms of which is constant urinary retention.

Symptoms of cystitis

Cystitis is a very unpleasant, painful disease that causes a lot of unpleasant and painful sensations in a sick person, which he often bravely endures, ignoring the dangers that can subsequently cause complications of untreated cystitis. As a rule, acute cystitis appears suddenly, and post-sexual cystitis manifests itself after 8-10 hours.

The symptoms of cystitis are very painful, the most characteristic of them:

• cutting pains at the time of urination;
• burning and cutting at the end of the act of urination.
• pains in the lower abdomen, sometimes unbearable;
• feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder.
• sometimes urinary incontinence with a strong urge to urinate (more often in children).
• cloudy or bloody (haematuria) urine.
• sometimes a slight increase in body temperature with a slight chill.

A rise in temperature during cystitis can also signal a possible inflammation in the kidneys or somewhere else, so immediate contact with a specialist would be a very sensible thing to do.

It is known that women and girls suffer from cystitis much more often than men and boys. Surprisingly, but the probability of cystitis during pregnancy increases significantly, although during this period any disease is extremely undesirable. Quite often, cystitis develops in the early stages of pregnancy, sometimes even before the woman knows about it. And in everything else, cystitis is often referred to as a non-specific or related sign of pregnancy.

Cystitis in early pregnancy manifests itself with the following symptoms:

• variable pain that can vary from moderate pain in the lower abdomen with mild pain at the end of urination to sharp, sharp pain with urinary incontinence.
• frequent urge to urinate with a small amount of urine.
• urine may have a strong odor, dark color.
• constant pain in the lumbar region.
• slight hematuria (not always).
• fever (optional)
• menstrual disorders in women of reproductive age.

In the elderly and children, the symptoms of cystitis are often not as obvious. Fever, abdominal pain, and nausea may be the only symptoms of cystitis.

In a disease like cystitis, symptoms and treatment always depend entirely on the patient's sense of responsibility for his health.

Prevalence of cystitis

Acute cystitis is one of the most common diseases in urology. Most often, uncomplicated cystitis is seen when the bacteria affect only the mucous membrane of the cyst, leaving the submucosa intact.

According to scientific and statistical studies in urological practice, the prevalence of cystitis in women is 500-700 episodes per 1000 patients, and in men aged 21 to 50, only 6-8 cases per 1000, and the acute form of cystitis in men is extremely rare.

The higher prevalence of cystitis in women is explained by factors:

• a woman's urethra (urethra) is smaller and its lumen is wider than that of a man's urethra.
• the external opening of the female urinary tract goes directly to the perineum, which contributes to the easy penetration of infection from the genital system.
• the external opening of the urethra is close to the anus, which contributes to the development of 80% of cystitis from infection with intestinal bacteria (E. Coli) that have entered the bladder from the lumen of the intestine.

Cases of cystitis in girls are three to four times higher than cases in boys. In newborns and children under the age of 1 year, cystitis is extremely rare, most often the disease is detected at the age of 1 to 3 years and in adolescence (13-15 years), but most often they are sick in children from 4 to 12 years.

cystitis in summer

Surprisingly, however, in the hot summer season, especially during the holiday season, when most women go on vacation to other climate zones, cases of cystitis become more frequent due to:

• holiday accommodation with the impossibility of high-quality hygienic care for intimate places.
• hypothermia of the body after too long a bath in a cold tank.
• failures in the usual way of urination (flying, moving, new place), when you have to endure for a long time.
• a sharp change in the climatic zone, causing a decrease in the functions of the immune system.
• often increased sexual activity on holidays and so on.

You should urgently contact a urologist if you suddenly could not avoid cystitis while relaxing at a resort. Clarifying the diagnosis, take a urine test and undergo an ultrasound.

The latest antibacterial drugs and antibiotics will effectively speed up your recovery and prevent complications (transition of acute cystitis to chronic). The fact is that they act exclusively on the inflammatory process in the bladder, almost without affecting the rest of the organs and systems of the body, concentrating as much as possible in the urine and the diseased mucous membrane of the bladder. The toxicological effect on the body is minimal.

Particularly successful in the treatment of cystitis in the summer is taking a drug from the fosfomycin group, which does not have phototoxicity, like other drugs of the same series. The drug, which does not contain components with photosensitizing and photoreactive properties, does not increase the sensitivity of the skin to the sun's ultraviolet radiation even at low intensity, therefore it does not cause redness and burns on the skin, which means that they can be taken without violationof the beach shape.

The phosphonic acid derivative also has an almost complete absence of side effects, which makes it possible to effectively and safely treat cystitis in children and pregnant women, taking it once for uncomplicated acute cystitis. Chronic and other, more severe forms of cystitis will also be successfully treated with this drug, however, the treatment will be taken according to a specific scheme.

When you go on a long-awaited summer vacation, it will not be superfluous to replenish your first aid kit with a broad-spectrum antibiotic just in case.

cystitis during pregnancy

The inflammatory process in the bladder can begin in a woman at any stage of pregnancy. In any case, cystitis during pregnancy will be considered complicated, and treatment should be carried out exclusively under the medical supervision of an inpatient hospital.

The main causes of cystitis during pregnancy:

• hemodynamic disorders;
• mechanical effects of the enlarged uterus on the displaced internal organs of the small pelvis.
• hormonal imbalance.

All of these reasons can make it difficult to empty the bladder, leading to chronic urinary retention in the bladder and infection. At the first suspicion of cystitis, a pregnant woman should immediately contact a specialist in charge of her pregnancy, who will refer her to a urologist if necessary.

Childhood cystitis

Childhood cystitis affects the younger generation at any age, but girls of preschool and school age - five to six times more often, and the underlying reasons for this are:

• the lack of ability of the ovaries of girls to produce estrogen.
• low barrier capacity of mucous membranes and skin.
• a small and wide urethra is "open" for the passage of pathogenic microorganisms into the bladder.
• irregular or insufficient hygienic care of the genitals.
• coexisting diseases that contribute to the reduction of the body's immune defenses.

The complex of these factors contributes to the creation of favorable conditions for the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria in the urethra and bladder.

Diagnosis of cystitis

Before starting treatment, it is important to reveal all the factors that led to the development of cystitis. Reliable diagnostics will help prescribe the appropriate treatment and give medical recommendations to avoid future relapses of the disease and prevent the transition of cystitis to a chronic form.

The following studies will help the urologist make the correct diagnosis:

• questioning and doctor's examination;
• obvious symptoms;
• laboratory tests of urine and blood.
• bacteriological studies of urine and swab from the urethra.
• carrying out special tests for the presence of nitrites and leukocytes in the urine.
• Bladder ultrasound?
• determining the presence of comorbidities.

If necessary, other methods of urological examination are used.

Treatment of cystitis

Cystitis how to cure? The speed and quality of treatment of cystitis, the regeneration of the mucous membrane of the bladder always depend on early diagnosis and well-chosen tactics of complex treatment of the disease.

The choice of antibacterial drugs for the treatment of cystitis is determined by the following parameters:

• the duration of the disease;
• severity of symptoms;
• the presence of accompanying factors and pathologies.
• side effects of drugs, their absorption, the way, the rate of their excretion from the body, etc.

The effectiveness of a drug for the treatment of cystitis consists in the strength of its allusion to one or another microorganism. It should be noted that pathogenic bacteria mutate and become insensitive to antibiotics. Decades ago, cystitis was treated with great success with many bactericidal drugs. However, today one of the main causative agents of cystitis - E. coli - has become resistant to the effects of these drugs. In addition, the previous generation of antibiotics had a very high level of toxicity and many negative side effects.

When choosing a drug against the pathogens of cystitis, the cost of treatment must also be taken into account, which will be expressed not so much in the cost of the drug itself, but in its effectiveness, long-term use and the existing health riskof the patient.

Modern drugs for the treatment of cystitis act selectively on pathogens, they are concentrated in the bladder, thereby increasing their effectiveness. The use of antibiotics of the latest generation reduces the time of treatment of cystitis, reduces the risk of side effects, which causes less harm to the health of patients. A broad-spectrum antibiotic from the fosfomycin group, as an effective and safe drug, is used to treat cystitis in both pregnant women and children.

How to treat cystitis? In addition to antibiotic treatment, we must not forget other treatment methods:

• anti-inflammatory and analgesic treatment with antispasmodics.
• stimulation and regulation of the immune system.
• a diet free of fat and spicy foods.
• increased alcohol consumption status;
• fear of hypothermia;
• warm heating pad on the lower abdomen.
• blocking stress, stressful situations.
• active lifestyle;
• herbal medicine?
• using iontophoresis, UHF or induction heat.

Remember that the presence of certain gynecological diseases prohibits the use of physiotherapy and thermal procedures.

Useful tips to prevent cystitis

To prevent and prevent the occurrence of cystitis and its recurrence, follow simple recommendations:

1. Observe the rules of personal personal hygiene: wash your face at least once a day, and preferably 2 or more times, using baby soap (without harmful additives) and running water.
2. Monitor your sexual partner for simple genital hygiene.
3. Before and after every sexual intercourse, make sure you wash with soap and so should your sexual partner.
4. Exclude oral sex in the presence of stomatitis, tonsillitis, candidiasis and other infections of the oral cavity to avoid contamination of the external genitalia and urethra through saliva.
5. Wear clothes based on the weather, not the fashion. Payback for a miniskirt in cold weather can be cystitis, and not just cystitis, but chronic recurrent, even inflammation of the appendages, threatening many years of medical procedures, sterility and hopes for recovery.
6. Keep in mind that frequent acute respiratory infections and acute viral respiratory infections indicate a decrease in the functions of the immune system and measures should be taken to improve its condition.
7. Try not to hold urine when you want to urinate, otherwise holding urine will lead to a bladder infection.
8. Stick to a normal drinking regime - 2 liters of water per day, and in the heat - 1-1. 5 liters more.
9. Women are advised to use pads and not tampons, which can compress the urethra and become a source of infection and, consequently, the bladder.
10. Men are advised to change their underwear daily, which will protect as much as possible from the occurrence of non-specific urethritis.
11. When using the toilet, it is recommended to wipe from front to back and not the other way around, to avoid introducing intestinal bacteria to the external genitalia, from where they can enter the urethra and bladder.

Following these tips will not be able to get rid of cystitis 100%, but it will help to minimize the risk of getting sick with it.